달빛영어

요약:

인간적 과정과 합리적 과정 및 그 결과의 차이
(human and rational processes and their differences in outcomes)

주제: 

인간적 과정과 합리적 과정의 차이점과 실제 상황에서의 그 의미.

(The differences between human and rational processes and their implications in real-life situations.)

요지:

본능, 직관 및 기타 변수를 포함하는 인간의 프로세스는 종종 엄격하게 이성적인 프로세스보다 실제 상황에서 더 나은 결과를 낳습니다.

(Human processes, which involve instinct, intuition, and other variables, often yield better outcomes in real-life situations than strictly rational processes.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Human processes: 인간의 과정 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect the book.)

(2) Rational processes: 합리적 과정 

(A process is rational if it always does the right thing based on the current information.)

(3) Performance measure: 성과 지표 

(Rational processes are based on an ideal performance measure.)

(4) Instinct: 본능 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables.)

(5) Intuition: 직관 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables.)

(6) Traffic laws: 교통 법규 

(The rational way to drive a car is to always follow the laws.)

(7) Pedestrian crossing signs: 횡단 보도 표지판 

(Pedestrian crossing signs vary depending on the country.)

(8) Self-driving car: 자율 주행 자동차 

(To be successful, a self-driving car must act humanly, rather than rationally.)

(9) Humanly: 인간다운 방식으로 

(A self-driving car must act humanly, rather than rationally, to be successful.)

(10) Outcome: 결과 

(Human processes differ from rational processes in their outcome.)

내용 이해

(1) What is the main difference between human and rational processes? 

(인간의 과정과 합리적 과정의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가요?)

(2) What factors contribute to human processes? 

(인간의 과정에 기여하는 요인은 무엇인가요?)

(3) How do rational processes relate to performance measures? 

(합리적 과정은 성과 지표와 어떻게 관련되어 있나요?)

(4) What is the rational way to drive a car? (자동차를 운전하는 합리적인 방법은 무엇인가요?)

(5) Why must a self-driving car act humanly rather than rationally? 

(자율 주행 자동차가 왜 합리적으로 행동하는 것이 아니라 인간다운 방식으로 행동해야 하나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) The main difference between human and rational processes is that human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables, while rational processes always do the right thing based on current information. 

(Reason: The text explains this difference in the first few sentences.)

(2) Factors that contribute to human processes include instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect a predetermined set of rules or data. 

(Reason: The text mentions these factors as part of human processes.)

(3) Rational processes relate to performance measures by always doing the right thing based on current information, given an ideal performance measure. 

(Reason: The text defines rational processes in relation to performance measures.)

(4) The rational way to drive a car is to always follow traffic laws. 

(Reason: The text provides this as an example of a rational process.)

(5) A self-driving car must act humanly rather than rationally because traffic isn't rational and other drivers don't always follow the laws precisely. Acting humanly allows the self-driving car to adapt and navigate real-world situations more effectively. 

(Reason: The text explains that following traffic laws precisely can lead to getting stuck and implies that human-like behavior is necessary for successful navigation.)

주요 문장

(1) "Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect the book and may not even consider the existing data." 

(This sentence highlights the characteristics of human processes that differentiate them from rational processes.)

(2) "To be successful, a self‑driving car must therefore act humanly, rather than rationally." 

(This sentence provides an example of why human processes can be more effective in real-life situations than strictly rational processes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2EMuoM5IX4 

Question 1: What happened in the first round of the game show?

• Answer:
  • Earned $1000
  • Landed on bonus space
  • Had to choose between $500 guaranteed bonus or coin flip for $1000 bonus

Question 2: What was the second round's choice after landing on the penalty space?

• Answer:
  • Choose between $500 loss or coin flip
  • Coin flip: heads, lose nothing; tails, lose $1000

Question 3: Why do people choose differently in the first and second rounds even if the odds are the same?

• Answer:
  • Loss aversion
  • Losing feels twice as bad as gaining the same thing

Question 4: What are heuristics?

• Answer:
  • Problem-solving approaches
  • Based on experience and intuition, not careful analysis

Question 5: What's an example of a situation where heuristics can be bad?

• Answer:
  • Situations involving probability
  • Choosing between sequences of die rolls

Question 6: What is the conjunction fallacy?

• Answer:
  • Expecting more green rolls
  • Brains trick us into picking the less likely option

Question 7: What is the anchoring effect?

• Answer:
  • Clearly wrong information still affects estimates
  • Used in marketing and negotiations

Question 8: Why do we have heuristics if they can lead to wrong decisions?

• Answer:
  • Effective for quick decisions
  • Helped survival with limited information

Question 9: How can we be aware of our brain's heuristics?

• Answer:
  • Pause for a second
  • Consider intuitive answer might not be right

요약: 

환경 조건과 유기체의 인식

(Environmental conditions and the perception of organisms)

주제: 

환경 조건에 대한 인식과 다양한 유기체의 관점을 이해하는 것의 중요성.

(Perception of environmental conditions and the importance of understanding different organisms' perspectives.)

요지:

생태학자들은 모든 유기체가 우리와 같은 방식으로 환경을 감지한다고 가정해서는 안 되며, 다른 유기체가 보는 것처럼 세상을 보려고 노력해야 합니다.

(Ecologists should not assume that all organisms sense the environment in the way we do and should try to see the world as others see it.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Environmental conditions: 환경 조건 

(It seems natural to describe certain environmental conditions as 'extreme', 'harsh', 'benign' or 'stressful'.)

(2) Extreme: 극한 

(It may seem obvious when conditions are 'extreme': the midday heat of a desert, the cold of an Antarctic winter.)

(3) Benign: 온화한 

(Emotive words like harsh and benign should be used by ecologists only with care.)

(4) Salinity: 염도 

(The salinity of the Great Salt Lake is an example of an extreme condition for humans.)

(5) Physiological characteristics: 생리적 특성 

(These conditions are extreme for us, given our particular physiological characteristics and tolerances.)

(6) Tolerances: 내성 

(Our perception of extreme conditions is based on our physiological characteristics and tolerances.)

(7) Ecologist: 생태학자 

(It is lazy and dangerous for the ecologist to assume that all other organisms sense the environment in the way we do.)

(8) Environment: 환경 

(Ecologists should try to gain a worm's-eye or plant's-eye view of the environment.)

(9) Perception: 인식 

(Different organisms perceive their environment differently, based on their adaptations and characteristics.)

(10) Adaptation: 적응 

(Species adapt to their environment in various ways, making certain conditions not extreme for them.)

내용 이해

(1) What are some examples of extreme environmental conditions for humans? 

(인간에게 극한 환경 조건의 예시는 무엇인가요?)

(2) How do our physiological characteristics and tolerances affect our perception of environmental conditions? 

(생리적 특성과 내성이 환경 조건에 대한 인식에 어떻게 영향을 미치나요?)

(3) Why is it dangerous for ecologists to assume that all organisms sense the environment in the way we do? 

(생태학자들이 모든 생물체가 우리와 같은 방식으로 환경을 인지한다고 가정하는 것이 왜 위험한가요?)

(4) What should ecologists do instead of assuming all organisms perceive the environment as we do? 

(생태학자들은 우리와 같은 방식으로 환경을 인지한다고 가정하는 대신 무엇을 해야 하나요?)

(5) How do adaptations affect an organism's perception of environmental conditions? 

(적응은 생물체의 환경 조건에 대한 인식에 어떻게 영향을 미치나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Some examples of extreme environmental conditions for humans include the midday heat of a desert, the cold of an Antarctic winter, and the salinity of the Great Salt Lake. 

(Reason: The text provides these examples.)

(2) Our physiological characteristics and tolerances affect our perception of environmental conditions by determining which conditions we consider extreme or harsh. 

(Reason: The text discusses this in relation to our perception of extreme conditions.)

(3) It is dangerous for ecologists to assume that all organisms sense the environment in the way we do because it may lead to misunderstandings about the needs and adaptations of other organisms. 

(Reason: The text emphasizes the importance of understanding different organisms' perspectives.)

(4) Instead of assuming all organisms perceive the environment as we do, ecologists should try to gain a worm's-eye or plant's-eye view of the environment and see the world as other organisms see it. 

(Reason: The text suggests this as a more accurate approach for ecologists.)

(5) Adaptations affect an organism's perception of environmental conditions by allowing them to thrive in conditions that may be considered extreme for others. For example, cacti do not perceive desert conditions as extreme because they have evolved to survive in such environments. 

(Reason: The text uses the examples of cacti and penguins to illustrate this point.)

주요  문장

(1) "To a cactus there is nothing extreme about the desert conditions in which cacti have evolved; nor are the icy lands of Antarctica an extreme environment for penguins." 

(This sentence highlights the differences in perception of extreme conditions among various organisms due to their adaptations.)

(2) "It is lazy and dangerous for the ecologist to assume that all other organisms sense the environment in the way we do." 

(This sentence emphasizes the importance of considering different organisms' perspectives when studying the environment.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: What is biodiversity and why is it important?

Answer:

Ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity

Makes ecosystems strong and resilient

Question 2: What are the three intertwined features of biodiversity?

Answer:

Ecosystem diversity

Species diversity

Genetic diversity

Question 3: Why is the Amazon rainforest considered one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth?

Answer:

Complex ecosystems

Many species

Genetic variety

Question 4: How do species in the Amazon rainforest support each other?

Answer:

Provide food and shelter

Disperse seeds

Recycle nutrients

Question 5: Why is genetic diversity important for individual species?

Answer:

Helps cope with changes

Reduces vulnerability

Question 6: What happens when a species with low genetic diversity disappears?

Answer:

Knot untied in biodiversity net

Part of the net disintegrates

Question 7: What is a keystone organism, and why are coral reefs an example?

Answer:

Important for other species' survival

Provide habitats and support many species

Question 8: How does the loss of biodiversity affect humans?

Answer:

Threatens our well-being

Risks unraveling Earth's safety net

요약:

가상 세계, 신화 및 사회에 관한 텍스트

(virtual worlds, myths, and society)

주제: 

가상 세계가 사회에 미치는 영향과 참여자 수에 따른 가상 세계의 가치.

 (The impact of virtual worlds on society and their value in relation to the number of participants.)

요지:

가상 세계가 지속적이고 광범위한 가치를 제공하려면 사회로 간주될 수 있을 만큼 많은 참여자가 있어야 합니다.

(For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide-ranging value, it must have a large enough group of participants to be considered a society.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Myth: 신화 

(Scholars of myth have long argued that myth gives structure and meaning to human life.)

(2) Virtual world: 가상 세계 

(A virtual world’s ability to fulfill needs grows when lots of people believe in it.)

(3) Adherent: 추종자 

(A virtual world cannot be sustained by a mere handful of adherents.)

(4) Global sport: 세계 스포츠 

(Consider the difference between a global sport and a game I invent with my friends.)

(5) Immersive: 몰입하는 

(My game might be a great game, one that is completely immersive.)

(6) Threshold: 기준점 

(When that threshold is reached, psychological value can turn into wide-ranging social value.)

(7) Society: 사회 

(For a virtual world to provide lasting value, its participants must be a large enough group to be considered a society.)

(8) Historical evidence: 역사적 증거 

(9) Self-esteem: 자존감 

(10) Religious value system: 종교적 가치 체계 

내용 이해

(1) What is the main argument made by scholars of myth?

(신화학자들이 주장하는 핵심 주장은 무엇인가요?)

(2) What happens when a virtual world has many adherents? 

(가상 세계에 많은 추종자가 있을 때 어떤 일이 발생하나요?)

(3) What is the difference between a global sport and a game invented with friends? 

(세계 스포츠와 친구들과 함께 발명한 게임의 차이점은 무엇인가요?)

(4) What is required for a virtual world to provide lasting, wide-ranging value? 

(가상 세계가 지속적이고 광범위한 가치를 제공하기 위해서는 무엇이 필요한가요?)

(5) How does psychological value turn into wide-ranging social value in a virtual world? 

(가상 세계에서 심리적 가치가 어떻게 광범위한 사회적 가치로 전환되나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Scholars of myth argue that myth gives structure and meaning to human life. 

(Reason: The text states that myth provides structure and meaning in the first sentence.)

(2) When a virtual world has many adherents, its ability to fulfill needs grows. 

(Reason: The text mentions this in the second sentence.)

(3) The difference between a global sport and a game invented with friends is the reach and social function; a global sport has wide-ranging value, while a game with friends has limited social function. 

(Reason: The text discusses this difference in the middle of the passage.)

(4) For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide-ranging value, it must have a large enough group of participants to be considered a society. 

(Reason:  The thesis statement in the passage states this requirement.)

(5) Psychological value turns into wide-ranging social value in a virtual world when the threshold of having a large enough group of participants to be considered a society is reached. 

(Reason: The text explains that reaching this threshold leads to a transformation of value.)

주요 문장

(1) "A virtual world’s ability to fulfill needs grows when lots and lots of people believe in the world." 

(가상 세계의 요구 충족 능력은 많은 사람들이 그 세계를 믿을 때 성장합니다.) 

(문장이 가상 세계에 대한 인기와 가치와의 관계를 설명하기 때문에 중요합니다.)

(2) "For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide‑ranging value, its participants must be a large enough group to be considered a society." 

(가상 세계가 지속적이고 광범위한 가치를 제공하기 위해서는 참가자들이 사회로 간주될 만큼 충분히 큰 그룹이어야 합니다.) 

(문장이 가상 세계의 가치를 결정하는 핵심 요건을 제시하기 때문에 중요합니다.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIMmgL-gLKo 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: What is the Metaverse?

Answer:

Virtual worlds

People interact through avatars

Question 2: What is the goal of the research at Carnegie Mellon's lab?

Answer:

Trick brain to feel touch

Use minimal hardware

Question 3: How do the receptors on your lips feel the acoustic pressure from speakers?

Answer:

Sensitive nerve endings

Feel like rain

Question 4: What does the prototype glove let you do?

Answer:

Feel statues that aren't there

Sense contours of objects

Question 5: What is being developed to help you smell the Metaverse?

Answer:

Technology in Vermont

Smells like forest or ocean breeze

Question 6: How can virtual reality with smells have real-world impact?

Answer:

Helps with anxiety

Helps with substance abuse

Question 7: How can smelling something quickly change your mood?

Answer:

Linked to strong emotions

Tied to memory

Question 8: What is the special glass developed in Pittsburgh?

Answer:

Feel ridges on fingers

Tricks finger into feeling touch

요약: 

초기 닷컴 투자자들이 수익 성장과 광고 공간 교환 관행에 중점을 두었다.
(early dot-com investors' focus on revenue growth and ad space exchange practices.)

주제: 

초기 닷컴 투자자들의 수익 성장과 광고 교환 관행에 대한 초점

(Early dot-com investors' focus on revenue growth and ad exchange practices)

요지:

초기 닷컴 투자자들은 순이익보다 매출 성장에 우선순위를 두었고, 이는 보고된 수익을 높이기 위해 의심스러운 광고 교환 관행으로 이어졌습니다.

(Early dot-com investors prioritized revenue growth over net income, leading to questionable ad exchange practices to boost reported revenue.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Dot-com investors: 닷컴 투자자들 

(Early dot-com investors focused on revenue growth.)

(2) Revenue growth: 수익 증가 

(Investors prioritized revenue growth over net income.)

(3) Net income: 순이익 

(Investors did not focus on net income.)

(4) Advertising space: 광고 공간 

(Companies earned revenue from selling ad space.)

(5) Web sites: 웹 사이트들 

(Ad space was exchanged between websites.)

(6) Reported revenue: 보고된 수익 

(Ad exchanges boosted reported revenue.)

(7) No money exchanged: 돈이 교환되지 않음 

(Ad exchanges didn't involve monetary transactions.)

(8) Accountants: 회계사들 

(Accountants questioned the practice.)

(9) Revenue recognition principle: 수익 인식 원칙 

(The practice didn't meet the criteria.)

(10) Ad exchange: 광고 교환 

(Ad exchanges occurred between company A and B.)

내용 이해

(1) What did early dot-com investors prioritize over net income? 

(초기 닷컴 투자자들은 순이익보다 무엇을 우선시하였나요?)

(2) How did early dot-com companies earn most of their revenue? 

(초기 닷컴 기업들은 대부분의 수익을 어떻게 벌었나요?)

(3) How did the ad exchange practice boost reported revenue? 

(광고 교환 기법은 어떻게 보고된 수익을 증가시켰나요?)

(4) Why did accountants put an end to the ad exchange practice? 

(회계사들은 왜 광고 교환 기법을 끝냈나요?)

(5) What principle did the ad exchange practice fail to meet? 

(광고 교환 기법은 어떤 원칙을 충족하지 못했나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Early dot-com investors prioritized revenue growth over net income.

(Reason: The text states that investors focused almost entirely on revenue growth.)

(2) Early dot-com companies earned most of their revenue from selling advertising space on their Web sites.

(Reason: The text explains that selling ad space was the primary revenue source.)

(3) The ad exchange practice boosted reported revenue by each company recording revenue for the value of the ad space given up and expense for the value of the ad placed on the other company's site. 

(Reason: The text describes the process of ad exchanges and its impact on reported revenue.)

(4) Accountants put an end to the ad exchange practice because they felt it did not meet the criteria of the revenue recognition principle. 

(Reason: The text mentions that accountants questioned the practice based on the revenue recognition principle.)

(5) The ad exchange practice failed to meet the revenue recognition principle. 

(Reason: The text states that accountants felt the practice did not meet the criteria of the revenue recognition principle.)

주요 문장

(1) Many early dot‑com investors focused almost entirely on revenue growth instead of net income.

(Grammatical explanation: "Many early dot-com investors" is the subject, "focused" is the main verb, and "on revenue growth" is the adverbial phrase. "Instead of net income" is a prepositional phrase that further modifies the focus of the investors.)

(Semantic explanation: The sentence highlights that early dot-com investors prioritized revenue growth, often disregarding the importance of net income.)

(2) This practice did little to boost net income and ─ but it did boost reported revenue. 

(Grammatical explanation: "This practice" is the subject, "did little to boost" is the main verb phrase, and "net income" is the object. "And" is a coordinating conjunction connecting the two ideas, with "it" as the subject, "did boost" as the main verb phrase, and "reported revenue" as the object in the second part.) 

(Semantic explanation: The sentence emphasizes that the ad exchange practice had little impact on net income but significantly increased reported revenue, which was the primary focus of early dot-com investors.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25_WjiZnvQk 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers. 

1. What was the state of the internet in early 1993?

The internet was: • Limited, with only 2.3% of the U.S. population online • Difficult to use for non-tech-savvy people

2. What impact did the release of Mosaic have on the internet?

Mosaic: • Made the internet more user-friendly • Increased web traffic by 1000% within a month

3. Why did entrepreneurs start creating internet-based companies in the 1990s?

Entrepreneurs saw: • Untapped potential in the growing internet market • Low-interest rates making it easier to start companies

4. How did Netscape Communications change the internet landscape?

Netscape: • Launched a faster and easier-to-use browser, Navigator • Had a successful initial public offering (IPO) despite losing money

5. What happened during the internet gold rush in the late 90s?

During the internet gold rush: • Many new internet-based companies emerged • Investors poured money into these companies

6. What was the main issue with internet companies' spending during this time?

The main issue was: • Companies spent heavily on growth and non-essential items • Most companies had little to no profits after covering costs

7. How did the banking industry contribute to the internet gold rush?

The banking industry: • Convinced investors that losses now would mean larger profits later • Provided funds to support internet companies' spending

8. What happened to the Nasdaq by 1999?

By 1999, the Nasdaq had doubled, with even telecom and equipment companies joining the internet gold rush.

요약: 

어린이에게 자유 놀이의 중요성 (free play's importance for children)

주제:

어린이 발달을 위한 자유 놀이의 중요성 (The importance of free play for children's development)

요지:

자유 놀이는 경험을 통해 아이들에게 필수적인 생활 기술을 가르치고 독립심과 문제 해결력을 증진시킵니다.

Free play teaches children essential life skills through experience, promoting independence and problem-solving.

핵심 어휘

(1) Free play: 자유롭게 놀기 (Children learn best through free play.)

(2) Control: 통제력 (In free play, children gain control.)

(3) Asserting: 주장하다 (Children practice asserting control during play.)

(4) Decisions: 결정들 (Free play helps children make decisions.)

(5) Solve: 해결하다 (Children solve their problems in free play.)

(6) Rules: 규칙들 (In play, children create and follow rules.)

(7) Equals: 동등한 사람들 (Children treat each other as equals during play.)

(8) Fear: 두려움 (Children manage fear in active outdoor play.)

(9) Negotiate: 협상하다 (Social play teaches negotiation skills.)

(10) Conflicts: 갈등들 (Children learn to manage conflicts during play.)

내용 이해

(1) What does free play teach children? 

(자유롭게 놀기는 어린이에게 무엇을 가르치나요?)

(2) How do children learn to manage fear during play? 

(놀이 중 어린이들은 어떻게 두려움을 다루는 법을 배우나요?)

(3) What skills do children learn from social play? 

(사회적 놀이에서 어린이들은 어떤 기술을 배우나요?)

(4) Why are verbal means insufficient for teaching these lessons? 

(이러한 교훈을 가르치기에 구두적 수단이 왜 충분하지 않나요?)

(5) How does free play help children with decision-making and problem-solving? 

(자유롭게 놀기는 어린이들이 결정 내리고 문제를 해결하는 데 어떻게 도움을 주나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Free play teaches children essential life skills through experience, like decision-making, problem-solving, and negotiation. (Reason: The text explains that free play allows children to learn these skills by doing.)

(2) Children manage fear in active outdoor play by exposing themselves to moderate amounts of fear, learning to control their bodies and fear. (Reason: The text states that children dose themselves with fear to learn control.)

(3) Children learn negotiation skills, how to please others, and manage conflicts during social play. (Reason: Social play provides opportunities for children to interact and develop these skills.)

(4) Verbal means are insufficient because these lessons can only be learned through experience, which free play provides. 

(Reason: The text emphasizes the importance of hands-on learning for these skills.)

(5) Free play helps children with decision-making and problem-solving by giving them opportunities to make their own decisions and solve problems independently.

(Reason: The text highlights that free play offers an environment where children can practice these skills.)

주요 문장

(1) Free play is nature’s means of teaching children that they are not helpless. 

(자유롭게 놀기는 자연이 어린이들에게 그들이 무력하지 않다는 것을 가르치는 방법이다.)

 (Grammatical explanation: "Free play" is the subject, "is" is the linking verb, and "nature's means" is the predicate nominative. "Of teaching children" is a prepositional phrase that modifies "means," and "that they are not helpless" is a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition "of.") 

(Semantic explanation: The sentence conveys the idea that free play is a natural method for teaching children that they have the power to take control and make decisions.)

(2) None of these lessons can be taught through verbal means; they can be learned only through experience, which free play provides. 

(이러한 교훈들은 어떤 것도 구두적 수단으로 가르칠 수 없다. 그들은 경험을 통해서만 배울 수 있고, 자유롭게 놀기가 그러한 경험을 제공한다.)

 (Grammatical explanation: "None of these lessons" is the subject, "can be taught" is the passive voice verb phrase, and "through verbal means" is the adverbial phrase. The second part of the sentence starts with "they" as the subject, "can be learned" as the passive voice verb phrase, and "only through experience" as the adverbial phrase. "Which free play provides" is a relative clause that modifies "experience.")

 (Semantic explanation: The sentence emphasizes the importance of experience in learning the lessons mentioned in the text, and it highlights that free play is the method that provides such experience.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fY6rHnP4bSI 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

1. What is the main topic of this text?

The importance of play in childhood and how adults should not interfere or overcomplicate it.

2. Why is play important for children?

Play helps children: • Learn about life • Understand their bodies • Explore the world around them

3. Who is Patrick and what does he do?

Patrick is the author's son.

He loves to play all day and learns about the world through play.

4. What is the universal language of childhood?

The universal language of childhood is play.

5. How is child-to-child play beneficial for learning?

Child-to-child play: • Is richer in learning experiences than adult-led play • Helps children develop social skills

6. What are some benefits of play?

Play can: • Increase resilience • Improve problem-solving skills • Encourage empathy • Develop motor skills • Improve eyesight • Help tackle obesity

7. Why is the author worried about the government's involvement in play?

The author is worried that: • Government involvement may lead to measurement and assessment • It could remove the simplicity of play

8. What should play be like for children, according to the author?

Play should be: • Simple • Child-led • Free from adult interference

9. What happened during the holiday camp the author organized?

The children at the camp: • Played in the woods • Made mudslides and dens • Climbed trees • Swam in the river • Found a state of flow • Solved problems together

10. What should adults do to support children's play?

Adults should: • Step back • Not interfere • Let children explore and learn naturally through play

요약: 

인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합하면 변화하는 환경에서도 정확도를 높일 수 있습니다.
(Combining human judgment and statistical models can improve accuracy in changing environments.)

주제: 

변화하는 환경에서 인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합하면 얻을 수 있는 이점.

(The advantages of combining human judgment and statistical models in changing environments.)

요지:

변화하는 환경에서는 일관성이 항상 미덕이 될 수는 없으며, 인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합하면 더 정확한 예측을 제공할 수 있습니다.

(In a changing environment, consistency may not always be a virtue, and combining human judgment with statistical models can provide more accurate forecasts.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Consistency: 일관성 

(It is not clear that consistency is always a virtue.)

(2) Changing environment: 변화하는 환경 

(In a changing environment, it might be advantageous to combine human judgment and statistical models.)

(3) Human judgment: 인간의 판단 

(One of the advantages of human judgment is the ability to detect change.)

(4) Statistical models: 통계 모델 

(Blattberg and Hoch examined this possibility by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products.)

(5) Past data: 과거 데이터 

(Statistical models based on past data.)

(6) Stable conditions: 안정된 상태 

(Statistical models deny stable conditions.)

(7) Novel events: 

새로운 사건들 

(Effects on demand of novel events such as actions taken by competitors or the introduction of new products.)

(8) Incorporate: 포함하다 

(Humans can incorporate these novel factors in their judgments.)

(9) Composite: 합성물 

(The composite forecast proved to be more accurate.)

(10) Accurate: 정확한 

(More accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone.)

내용 이해

(1) What is the main advantage of human judgment mentioned in the text? 

(문서에서 언급된 인간 판단의 주요 장점은 무엇입니까?)

(2) How did Blattberg and Hoch explore the possibility of combining human judgment and statistical models? 

(Blattberg와 Hoch는 인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합하는 가능성을 어떻게 탐구했습니까?)

(3) What is the limitation of statistical models in changing environments? 

(변화하는 환경에서 통계 모델의 한계는 무엇입니까?)

(4) How can humans incorporate novel factors in their judgments? 

(인간은 어떻게 새로운 요인을 판단에 포함시킬 수 있습니까?)

(5) What was the result of combining human judgments and statistical models? 

(인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합한 결과는 무엇입니까?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) The main advantage of human judgment mentioned in the text is the ability to detect change. 

(Reason: The text states that humans can adapt to changing environments.)

(2) Blattberg and Hoch explored the possibility of combining human judgment and statistical models by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products and then creating a composite forecast by averaging these judgments with the forecasts of statistical models based on past data. 

(Reason: The text describes their research method.)

(3) The limitation of statistical models in changing environments is that they deny stable conditions and cannot account for the effects on demand of novel events, such as actions taken by competitors or the introduction of new products. 

(Reason: The text highlights the limitations of statistical models in changing environments.)

(4) Humans can incorporate novel factors in their judgments by considering the effects of new events and adjusting their forecasts accordingly. 

(Reason: The text states that humans can incorporate novel factors in their judgments, unlike statistical models.)

(5) The result of combining human judgments and statistical models was that the composite forecast proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone. 

(Reason: The text explains that the combination of human judgment and statistical models led to improved accuracy in forecasting.)

주요 문장

(1) Thus, in changing environments, it might be advantageous to combine human judgment and statistical models. 

(그렇기 때문에, 변화하는 환경에서는 인간의 판단과 통계 모델을 결합하는 것이 유리할 수 있다.) 

(This sentence introduces the main idea of the text and suggests that the combination of human judgment and statistical models can be beneficial in changing environments.)

(2) The composite ─ or average of human judgments and statistical models ─ proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone. 

(합성물 - 즉, 인간의 판단과 통계 모델의 평균은 통계 모델이나 혼자 일하는 관리자들보다 더 정확하다고 입증되었다.)

(This sentence presents the result of the research, showing that the combination of human judgment and statistical models leads to improved accuracy in forecasting.)

The text discusses the advantages of combining human judgment and statistical models in changing environments. 

In such environments, consistency may not always be a virtue, and human judgment, which can detect change, can be beneficial when combined with statistical models. 

The research conducted by Blattberg and Hoch explored this possibility by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products and creating a composite forecast based on their judgments and statistical models. 

The composite forecast proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone, highlighting the potential benefits of combining human judgment and statistical models in changing environments.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TqhmX92P6U 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: How do Monte Carlo simulations work?

• They model the probability of different outcomes in uncertain situations using random sampling.
• Multiple outcomes are generated, and the average result is calculated.

Question 2: Who uses Monte Carlo simulations?

• Common applications include portfolio management, investment planning, risk analysis, option pricing, and spare capacity planning.
• They are used in various fields, such as medicine, astrophysics, and even solving word puzzles.

Question 3: How do you run a Monte Carlo simulation?

• Set up a predictive model, identifying the dependent variable and independent variables.
• Specify the probability distribution of the independent variables, using historical data or expert judgment.
• Run simulations repeatedly, generating random values of the independent variables until a representative sample is gathered.

요약:

인간은 생존을 위한 조상들의 욕구 때문에 확실성을 좋아하며, 우리의 뇌는 불확실성으로부터 우리를 보호하도록 진화해 왔습니다.

(Humans like certainty due to our ancestors' need for survival, and our brains have evolved to protect us from uncertainty.)

주제: 

확실성에 대한 인간의 선호와 그 진화적 근거. (Human preference for certainty and its evolutionary basis.)

요지:

우리가 확실성을 선호하는 것은 다양한 위협에서 살아남아야 했던 조상으로부터 비롯되었으며, 우리의 뇌는 안전을 지키기 위해 불확실성을 식별하고 피할 수 있도록 진화해 왔습니다.

(Thesis Statement: Our liking for certainty stems from our ancestors who needed to survive various threats, and our brains have evolved to help us identify and avoid uncertainty in order to keep us safe.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Certainty: 확실성 (Human beings like certainty.)
(2) Ancestors: 조상들 (This liking stems from our ancient ancestors.)
(3) Evolved: 진화하다 (Our brains evolved to help us attend to threats.)
(4) Threats: 위협들 (Help us attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward.)
(5) Danger-alert system: 위험 경보 시스템 (The danger-alert system continues to protect us.)
(6) Labeling: 꼬리표 달기 (Our brains labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events and experiences as uncertain.)
(7) Generating: 생성하다 (Our brains then generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans.)
(8) Uncertain: 불확실한 (To keep us safe from the uncertain element.)
(9) Survival: 생존 (Ensured our survival to the present day.)
(10) Everyday events: 일상적인 사건들 (Our brains labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events.)

내용 이해:

(1) Why do human beings like certainty?

(인간이 확실성을 좋아하는 이유는 무엇입니까?)

(2) What role did our ancient ancestors play in our preference for certainty? 

(우리의 확실성 선호에 고대 조상들이 어떤 역할을 했습니까?)

(3) How did our brains evolve to help us deal with uncertainty? 

(우리의 뇌는 불확실성을 처리하는 데 어떻게 진화했습니까?)

(4) What is the purpose of the danger-alert system in our brains? 

(두뇌의 위험 경보 시스템의 목적은 무엇입니까?)

(5) How do our brains react to new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events? 

(뇌가 새로운, 애매한 또는 예측할 수 없는 일상적인 사건들에 어떻게 반응합니까?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Human beings like certainty because it helped our ancestors survive various threats, and our brains have evolved to protect us from uncertainty. 

(Reason: The text explains the connection between certainty and survival.)

(2) Our ancient ancestors needed certainty to survive alongside dangerous predators and poisonous plants, which led to our preference for certainty. 

(Reason: The text links our preference for certainty to our ancestors' survival needs.)

(3) Our brains evolved to attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward by labeling new, vague, or unpredictable events as uncertain and generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe. 

(Reason: The text describes the brain's evolution to protect us from uncertainty.)

(4) The purpose of the danger-alert system in our brains is to protect us from uncertain elements by labeling them as dangerous and generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe. 

(Reason: The text explains the function of the danger-alert system in our brains.)

(5) Our brains react to new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events by labeling them as uncertain and generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe from the uncertain element. 

(Reason: The text describes how our brains process and respond to uncertain events.)

주요 문장

(1) Our brains evolved to help us attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward.

(뇌가 위협을 주목하고 피하며, 그 후에 생존할 수 있도록 진화했습니다.)

(This sentence explains how our brains have evolved to deal with threats and uncertainty, emphasizing its role in human survival.)

(2) Our brains then generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe from the uncertain element, and we live to see another day. 

(그러면 뇌는 불확실한 요소로부터 우리를 안전하게 지키기 위해 감각, 생각, 그리고 행동 계획을 생성하고, 우리는 다른 날을 보게 됩니다.)

(This sentence describes the brain's response to uncertainty and how it helps us to stay safe and continue living.)

The text discusses human preference for certainty and its evolutionary basis, explaining that our liking for certainty stems from our ancestors who needed to survive various threats.

Our brains have evolved to help us identify and avoid uncertainty by attending to threats, keeping away from them, and remaining alive afterward.

The danger-alert system in our brains continues to protect us by labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events as uncertain and generating sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe.

This preference for certainty has ensured our survival to the present day and continues to shape our reactions to uncertain situations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpPWmul6gVs 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: What does Sapolsky's theory of Human Behavioral Biology suggest?

• All behaviors have a biological basis.
• They are a product of natural selection.

Question 2: What factors does Sapolsky's theory consider when explaining behavior?

• Neurons in the brain a moment before the behavior.
• Environmental triggers and hormones.
• Neuroplasticity and past experiences.
• Fetal life, genes, and culture.
• Human evolution and species development.

Question 3: Why does Sapolsky's theory imply that understanding behavior is complicated?

• Many factors contribute to behavior.
• A simple cause-and-effect explanation is usually not enough.
• We need to consider the full picture of an individual's life.

Question 4: What was Sapolsky's background and experience?

• Born in New York, interested in primatology since young.
• Studied baboons in Africa for 25 years.
• Taught behavioral biology at Stanford University.

Question 5: What advice does Sapolsky give for understanding others?

• Be careful and cautious before judging.
• Understand that humans are complicated.
• Consider the full context before making conclusions.

Question 6: Can we fully explain behavior without considering the full picture?

• According to Sapolsky, no.
• His theory argues that many factors contribute to behavior.
• Some people may still believe in a soul that takes decisions regardless of biology.

요약: 

우승은 관심과 감시를 불러일으키며, 이는 잠재적으로 자기 검열로 이어져 성장을 저해할 수 있습니다.
(Winning brings attention and scrutiny, potentially leading to self-censorship and hindering growth.)

주제: 

우승이 개인의 성장과 진정성에 미치는 영향과 그것이 가져오는 관심.

(The impact of winning and the attention it brings on personal growth and authenticity.)

요지:

승리와 감시를 받는다는 인식은 개인으로 하여금 자신의 진정한 모습을 숨기고 타인을 기쁘게 하기 위한 결정을 내리게 만들어 궁극적으로 성장과 성공을 저해할 수 있습니다.

(Winning and the awareness of being watched can cause individuals to hide their true selves and make decisions to please others, which may ultimately hinder growth and success.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Self-conscious: 자각하는 

(Winning turns on a self-conscious awareness that others are watching.)

(2) Under the radar: 주목받지 않게 

(It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you.)

(3) Observed: 관찰되다 

(You're suddenly aware that you're being observed.)

(4) Judged: 판단되다 

(You're being judged.)

(5) Flaws: 결점 

(You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses.)

(6) Role model: 모범 

(You start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model.)

(7) Authenticity: 진실성 

(At the expense of being who you really are.)

(8) Pleasing: 만족시키다 

(Making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself.)

(9) Apologizing: 사과하다 

(When you start apologizing for who you are.)

(10) Permanently: 영구적으로 

(You stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.)

내용 이해

(1) What happens when an individual starts winning and gaining attention? 

(개인이 승리하고 주목받기 시작하면 어떤 일이 발생합니까?)

(2) How does being observed and judged affect a person's behavior? 

(관찰되고 판단되는 것이 사람의 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치나요?)

(3) What might a person do to be seen as a good role model and citizen? 

(어떤 사람이 좋은 롤 모델과 시민으로 여겨지기 위해 무엇을 할 수 있나요?)

(4) How can trying to please others instead of oneself negatively impact personal growth? 

(다른 사람을 기쁘게 하려고 자신을 기쁘게 하지 않는 것이 어떻게 개인 성장에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있습니까?)

(5) What is the outcome of apologizing for one's true personality? 

(진실한 성격에 대해 사과하는 결과는 무엇입니까?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) When an individual starts winning and gaining attention, they become more self-conscious and aware that they are being observed and judged.

(Reason: The text explains the change in awareness that comes with winning.)

(2) Being observed and judged may cause a person to hide their true personality, flaws, and weaknesses, and act differently to be seen as a good role model and citizen. 

(Reason: The text discusses how people may alter their behavior under scrutiny.)

(3) A person might hide their true personality, flaws, and weaknesses, and make decisions to please others to be seen as a good role model and citizen. 

(Reason: The text explains what people may do to maintain a positive image.)

(4) Trying to please others instead of oneself can negatively impact personal growth because it can lead to inauthenticity and making decisions that don't align with one's true values, ultimately hindering progress and success. 

(Reason: The text warns against pleasing others at the expense of one's own desires and authenticity.)

(5) The outcome of apologizing for one's true personality is that the person stops growing and stops winning, possibly permanently. 

(Reason: The text emphasizes the negative consequences of not embracing one's true self.)

주요 문장

(1) But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. 

(This sentence illustrates the shift in awareness that occurs when an individual starts winning, emphasizing the newfound self-consciousness and the feeling of being watched and judged.)

(2) When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently. 

(This sentence underlines the consequences of not embracing one's true self, showing the negative impact it can have on personal growth and success.)

The text discusses the potential negative impact of winning on personal growth and authenticity. As an individual starts winning and gaining attention, they become more self-conscious and aware that they are being observed and judged.

This can lead them to hide their true personality, flaws, and weaknesses, and make decisions to please others instead of themselves.

However, this inauthenticity and focus on pleasing others can hinder personal growth and success, as the individual may stop growing and winning, possibly permanently.

It emphasizes the importance of embracing one's true self and not apologizing for who they are in order to maintain personal growth and long-term success.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lTbWQ8zD3w 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: Why do some people have trouble knowing who they are?

• They may not know their worth or values.
• They can be influenced by others' opinions.
• Early experiences play a big role.

Question 2: How can relying on others' opinions affect us?

• We can be easily hurt by criticism.
• We may crave external praise too much.
• We might follow popular opinions instead of our own.

Question 3: How can someone learn to know who they are?

• Ideally, from being known and understood by someone else early in life.
• A parent or caregiver should be attentive, kind, and validating.

Question 4: How can things go wrong in early identity-building?

• Parents might give mixed messages or ignore the child's feelings.
• They might focus on themselves or other things, causing emotional neglect.

Question 5: What is the result of emotional neglect?

• A feeling of unreality and a lack of stable identity.

Question 6: How can someone improve their sense of identity later in life?

• Seek help from a wise and kind person, like a psychotherapist.
• Learn to study and validate their own feelings and wants.
• Trust themselves more than the crowd.

Question 7: What are the benefits of knowing and befriending ourselves?

• Less hunger for praise.
• Less worry about opposition.
• More original thinking and confidence.

요약: 

과일을 많이 섭취하면 해마나 피질과 같은 뇌 영역에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.
(High fruit intake may have negative effects on brain regions like the hippocampus and cortex.)

주제: 

과도한 양의 단 과일 섭취가 뇌에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 결과.

(The potential consequences of consuming excessive amounts of sweet fruit on the brain.)

요지:

단 과일을 많이 섭취하면 해마나 피질과 같은 뇌 영역의 부피가 감소하여 대사 및 인지 문제를 일으킬 수 있습니다.

(Consuming high amounts of sweet fruit could lead to reduced volume in brain regions like the hippocampus and cortex, potentially causing metabolic and cognitive problems.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Consequences: 결과 (What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains?)

(2) Cognitively: 인지적으로 (In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus.)

(3) Hippocampus: 해마 (Higher fruit intake was linked with less volume in the hippocampus.)

(4) Components: 구성 요소 (The researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets.)

(5) Memory centers: 기억 센터 (Fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors.)

(6) Cortex: 피질 (A similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex.)

(7) Outer layer: 외층 (The cortex is the large outer layer of the brain.)

(8) High-sugar fruit: 고당량 과일 (Excessive consumption of high-sugar fruit may cause problems.)

(9) Metabolic: 대사의 (May cause metabolic and cognitive problems.)

(10) Processed carbs: 가공 탄수화물 (High-sugar fruit may cause problems as much as processed carbs do.)

내용 이해

(1) What brain region was found to have reduced volume in older adults with higher fruit intake? (What brain region was found to have reduced volume in older adults with higher fruit intake?)

(2) Why was this finding unusual? (Why was this finding unusual?)

(3) What did the researchers find when they isolated different components of the subjects' diets? (What did the researchers find when they isolated different components of the subjects' diets?)

(4) What other brain region showed a similar inverse relationship with fruit intake? (What other brain region showed a similar inverse relationship with fruit intake?)

(5) What types of fruit may cause metabolic and cognitive problems, and how do they compare to processed carbs? (What types of fruit may cause metabolic and cognitive problems, and how do they compare to processed carbs?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) The hippocampus was found to have reduced volume in older adults with higher fruit intake. (Reason: The text states that higher fruit intake was linked to less volume in the hippocampus.)

(2) This finding was unusual because people who eat more fruit usually display benefits associated with a healthy diet. (Reason: The text explains the unexpected nature of the findings.)

(3) The researchers found that fruit didn't seem to be doing the subjects' memory centers any favors when they isolated different components of their diets. (Reason: The text discusses the outcome of the dietary component analysis.)

(4) The cortex showed a similar inverse relationship with fruit intake. (Reason: The text mentions another study that found a similar relationship with the cortex.)

(5) High-sugar fruits like mangoes, bananas, and pineapples may cause metabolic and cognitive problems, similar to the effects of processed carbs. (Reason: The text lists specific types of high-sugar fruits and compares their effects to processed carbs.)

주요 문장

(1) In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. 

(This sentence shows the main finding of a study that reveals the relationship between high fruit intake and reduced hippocampus volume in older adults, which is important to understanding the potential negative effects of consuming too much sweet fruit on the brain.)

(2) Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high‑sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do. 

(This sentence highlights the researchers' observation that certain high-sugar fruits may have similar negative effects on metabolic and cognitive health as processed carbohydrates, emphasizing the potential risks of consuming excessive amounts of sweet fruit.)

Overall, the text discusses the potential consequences of consuming too many sweet fruits on the brain. It presents findings from studies that show a link between higher fruit intake and reduced volume in brain regions such as the hippocampus and cortex. This relationship is unusual, as a higher fruit intake is typically associated with health benefits. However, the studies reveal that excessive consumption of high-sugar fruits like mangoes, bananas, and pineapples may cause metabolic and cognitive problems similar to the effects of processed carbs. This information underscores the importance of consuming fruit in moderation and being mindful of the sugar content in the fruits we choose to eat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyQY8a-ng6g 

1. Watch This Video

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: What are the main components of the brain in terms of nutritional content?

• Fats (lipids)
• Proteins and amino acids
• Micronutrients
• Glucose

Question 2: What roles do omegas 3 and 6 play in the brain?

• Omegas 3 and 6 are essential fatty acids that are crucial for the creation and maintenance of cell membranes. They have also been linked to preventing degenerative brain conditions.

Question 3: How do proteins and amino acids influence our feelings and behavior?

• Proteins and amino acids contain the precursors to neurotransmitters, which are the chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons. They affect mood, sleep, attentiveness, and weight.

Question 4: Why is it important to have a diet with a range of foods?

• A diet with a range of foods helps maintain a balanced combination of brain messengers, which keeps your mood from getting skewed in one direction or the other.

Question 5: What benefits do antioxidants provide for the brain?

• Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables strengthen the brain to fight off free radicals that destroy brain cells, enabling your brain to work well for a longer period of time.

Question 6: Which vitamins and minerals are fundamental to brain health and early cognitive development?

• Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid, and trace amounts of the minerals iron, copper, zinc, and sodium are fundamental to brain health and early cognitive development.

Question 7: What is the primary source of energy for the brain?

• The primary source of energy for the brain comes from carbohydrates that our body digests into glucose, or blood sugar.

Question 8: How do different types of carbohydrates affect our brain?

• High glycemic foods, like white bread, cause a rapid release of glucose into the blood, followed by a dip in blood sugar, which affects attention span and mood. Foods like oats, grains, and legumes have a slower glucose release, enabling a steadier level of attentiveness.

Question 9: Why is a varied diet of nutrient-rich foods important for sustained brain power?

• A varied diet of nutrient-rich foods is critical for sustained brain power because it provides the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals for the brain to function optimally and maintain long-lasting effects on its performance.

요약

경력 및 기술 분야에서 성장과 발전을 위해 관련성을 유지하는 것의 중요성.
(Importance of staying relevant for growth and development in career and technology.)

주제:

관련성을 유지하고 업계의 변화에 적응하는 것의 중요성. (The importance of remaining relevant and adapting to changes in the industry.)

요지:

관련성을 유지하고 업계의 발전을 수용하는 사람은 커리어에서 성공할 가능성이 높은 반면, 그렇지 않은 사람은 정체와 실패의 위험을 감수해야 합니다.

(Those who stay relevant and embrace advances in their industry are more likely to excel in their careers, while those who don't risk stagnation and failure.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Relevance: 적절성 (Brands that fail to grow and develop lose their relevance.)

(2) Plateau: 정체기 (Appears to have hit a plateau in his or her career.)

(3) Ambitious: 야심찬 (Assuming he or she did not make an ambitious move.)

(4) Victim: 희생자 (This individual is a victim of having failed to stay relevant.)

(5) Embrace: 받아들이다 (Embrace the advances in his or her industry.)

(6) Impact: 영향력 (Think about the impact personal computing technology had.)

(7) Executive leadership: 경영진 리더십 (First wave of executive leadership exposed to the technology.)

(8) Integrate: 통합하다 (Able to integrate it into their work styles.)

(9) Resistant: 저항하는 (Those who were resistant many times found few opportunities.)

(10) Update: 최신화하다 (Failure to stay relevant and update their skills.)

내용 이해

(1) Why is staying relevant important in one's career?

(왜 적절성을 유지하는 것이 커리어에서 중요한가요?)

(2) What happens to individuals who fail to stay relevant?

(적절성을 유지하지 못한 사람들에게 어떤 일이 일어날까요?)

(3) How did personal computing technology impact the first wave of executive leadership?

(개인용 컴퓨터 기술은 경영진 리더십의 첫 번째 물결에 어떤 영향을 미쳤나요?)

(4) What benefits do those who embrace advances in their industry experience?

(자신의 산업에서 발전을 받아들이는 사람들은 어떤 혜택을 경험하나요?)

(5) What happens to those who are resistant to change?

(변화에 저항하는 사람들에게 어떤 일이 일어날까요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) Staying relevant is important in one's career because it allows them to adapt to changes and remain competitive. 

(Reason: The text discusses how individuals who stay relevant are more successful in their careers.)

(2) Individuals who fail to stay relevant may experience stagnation in their careers, miss opportunities, or even lose their jobs. 

(Reason: The text provides examples of individuals who failed to stay relevant and faced negative consequences.)

(3) Personal computing technology had a significant impact on the first wave of executive leadership, as those who embraced the technology were able to integrate it into their work styles and excel. 

(Reason: The text describes how technology impacted executive leadership.)

(4) Those who embrace advances in their industry can experience benefits such as increased opportunities, improved skills, and career advancement. 

(Reason: The text discusses the positive outcomes for those who embrace advances in their industry.)

(5) Those who are resistant to change may find fewer opportunities to advance their careers and, in some cases, may be let go or forced into early retirement. 

(Reason: The text mentions the consequences faced by those who resist change.)

주요 문장

(1) Those who embraced the technology were able to integrate it into their work styles and excel. 

(문장에서 동사 "embrace"는 변화를 받아들이는 것을 의미하며, 이것이 어떻게 그들의 업무 스타일에 통합되고 성공하는지를 보여준다.) 

(이 문장은 기술을 받아들이는 사람들이 어떻게 성공하는지를 설명함으로써 중요하다.)

(2) Those who were resistant many times found few opportunities to advance their careers and in many cases were ultimately let go through early retirement for failure to stay relevant and update their skills. 

(문장에서 "resistant"는 변화에 저항하는 것을 의미하며, 이로 인해 그들이 어떻게 기회를 놓치고 결국 일찍 은퇴하게 되는지 보여준다.)

(이 문장은 변화에 저항하는 사람들이 어떤 부정적인 결과를 겪게 되는지를 설명함으로써 중요하다.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vN1aRN5bQQ0 

1. Watch This Video 

2. Questions and Answers

Question 1: Who is Claude C. Hopkins and how did he change people's habits?

• Claude C. Hopkins was an advertiser who had trouble selling a brand of toothpaste.
• He tapped into neuroscience and the power of habits to convince people that brushing their teeth should be a daily routine.

Question 2: What is a habit?

• A habit is an automatic behavior or task that is done subconsciously.

Question 3: How are habits formed in the brain?

• New neural pathways are formed when a behavior is repeated.
• The more a brain circuit fires, the easier it becomes for the brain to do the task without conscious thought.

Question 4: What are the three key ingredients of a habit, as described by Claude Hopkins?

• A cue, a behavior, and a reward.

Question 5: How does rewarding a behavior create a craving?

• Once a habit and a reward are tied together in the brain, the reward neurons start firing even before the behavior is done, causing a craving.

Question 6: Can the brain change its structure to form new habits?

• Yes, the brain is flexible and its chemistry constantly changes in response to various activities.
• Over time, if the same behaviors are repeated, the physical structure of the brain changes and creates new neural pathways.

Question 7: What is essential for making a habit?

• Repetition is essential for making a habit, as it creates new neural pathways in the brain.

Question 8: Why are bad habits hard to break?

• Bad habits are hard to break because they have woven new neural networks into the brain, which don't go away overnight.

Question 9: What is the recommended strategy for changing a habit?

• It is usually best to try and replace bad behavior with a new behavior instead of just trying to erase the pattern altogether.