달빛영어

요약:

인간적 과정과 합리적 과정 및 그 결과의 차이
(human and rational processes and their differences in outcomes)

주제: 

인간적 과정과 합리적 과정의 차이점과 실제 상황에서의 그 의미.

(The differences between human and rational processes and their implications in real-life situations.)

요지:

본능, 직관 및 기타 변수를 포함하는 인간의 프로세스는 종종 엄격하게 이성적인 프로세스보다 실제 상황에서 더 나은 결과를 낳습니다.

(Human processes, which involve instinct, intuition, and other variables, often yield better outcomes in real-life situations than strictly rational processes.)

핵심 어휘

(1) Human processes: 인간의 과정 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect the book.)

(2) Rational processes: 합리적 과정 

(A process is rational if it always does the right thing based on the current information.)

(3) Performance measure: 성과 지표 

(Rational processes are based on an ideal performance measure.)

(4) Instinct: 본능 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables.)

(5) Intuition: 직관 

(Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables.)

(6) Traffic laws: 교통 법규 

(The rational way to drive a car is to always follow the laws.)

(7) Pedestrian crossing signs: 횡단 보도 표지판 

(Pedestrian crossing signs vary depending on the country.)

(8) Self-driving car: 자율 주행 자동차 

(To be successful, a self-driving car must act humanly, rather than rationally.)

(9) Humanly: 인간다운 방식으로 

(A self-driving car must act humanly, rather than rationally, to be successful.)

(10) Outcome: 결과 

(Human processes differ from rational processes in their outcome.)

내용 이해

(1) What is the main difference between human and rational processes? 

(인간의 과정과 합리적 과정의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가요?)

(2) What factors contribute to human processes? 

(인간의 과정에 기여하는 요인은 무엇인가요?)

(3) How do rational processes relate to performance measures? 

(합리적 과정은 성과 지표와 어떻게 관련되어 있나요?)

(4) What is the rational way to drive a car? (자동차를 운전하는 합리적인 방법은 무엇인가요?)

(5) Why must a self-driving car act humanly rather than rationally? 

(자율 주행 자동차가 왜 합리적으로 행동하는 것이 아니라 인간다운 방식으로 행동해야 하나요?)

* Suggested Answers

(1) The main difference between human and rational processes is that human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables, while rational processes always do the right thing based on current information. 

(Reason: The text explains this difference in the first few sentences.)

(2) Factors that contribute to human processes include instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect a predetermined set of rules or data. 

(Reason: The text mentions these factors as part of human processes.)

(3) Rational processes relate to performance measures by always doing the right thing based on current information, given an ideal performance measure. 

(Reason: The text defines rational processes in relation to performance measures.)

(4) The rational way to drive a car is to always follow traffic laws. 

(Reason: The text provides this as an example of a rational process.)

(5) A self-driving car must act humanly rather than rationally because traffic isn't rational and other drivers don't always follow the laws precisely. Acting humanly allows the self-driving car to adapt and navigate real-world situations more effectively. 

(Reason: The text explains that following traffic laws precisely can lead to getting stuck and implies that human-like behavior is necessary for successful navigation.)

주요 문장

(1) "Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don’t necessarily reflect the book and may not even consider the existing data." 

(This sentence highlights the characteristics of human processes that differentiate them from rational processes.)

(2) "To be successful, a self‑driving car must therefore act humanly, rather than rationally." 

(This sentence provides an example of why human processes can be more effective in real-life situations than strictly rational processes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2EMuoM5IX4 

Question 1: What happened in the first round of the game show?

• Answer:
  • Earned $1000
  • Landed on bonus space
  • Had to choose between $500 guaranteed bonus or coin flip for $1000 bonus

Question 2: What was the second round's choice after landing on the penalty space?

• Answer:
  • Choose between $500 loss or coin flip
  • Coin flip: heads, lose nothing; tails, lose $1000

Question 3: Why do people choose differently in the first and second rounds even if the odds are the same?

• Answer:
  • Loss aversion
  • Losing feels twice as bad as gaining the same thing

Question 4: What are heuristics?

• Answer:
  • Problem-solving approaches
  • Based on experience and intuition, not careful analysis

Question 5: What's an example of a situation where heuristics can be bad?

• Answer:
  • Situations involving probability
  • Choosing between sequences of die rolls

Question 6: What is the conjunction fallacy?

• Answer:
  • Expecting more green rolls
  • Brains trick us into picking the less likely option

Question 7: What is the anchoring effect?

• Answer:
  • Clearly wrong information still affects estimates
  • Used in marketing and negotiations

Question 8: Why do we have heuristics if they can lead to wrong decisions?

• Answer:
  • Effective for quick decisions
  • Helped survival with limited information

Question 9: How can we be aware of our brain's heuristics?

• Answer:
  • Pause for a second
  • Consider intuitive answer might not be right