2023년 9월 고1 전국연합학력평가

 

 

32번

The famous primatologist Frans de Waal, of Emory University, says humans downplay similarities between us and other animals as a way of maintaining our spot at the top of our imaginary ladder. Scientists, de Waal points out, can be some of the worst offenders — employing technical language to distance the other animals from us. They call “kissing” in chimps “mouth-to-mouth contact”; they call “friends” between primates “favorite affiliation partners”; they interpret evidence showing that crows and chimps can make tools as being somehow qualitatively different from the kind of toolmaking said to define humanity. If an animal can beat us at a cognitive task — like how certain bird species can remember the precise locations of thousands of seeds —they write it off as instinct, not intelligence. This and so many more tricks of language are what de Waal has termed “linguistic castration.” The way we use our tongues to disempower animals, the way we invent words to maintain our spot at the top. [3점]

* primatologist: 영장류학자 ** affiliation: 제휴

 

 

① define human instincts
② overestimate chimps’ intelligence
 distance the other animals from us
④ identify animals’ negative emotions
⑤ correct our misconceptions about nature

 

해석

 

프란스 드 발(Frans de Waal)이라는 유명한 영장류학자가 있습니다. 그는 에모리 대학교(Emory University)에서 활동하고 있으며, 인간이 다른 동물들과의 유사성을 과소평가하는 것은 우리 자신을 가상의 사다리 꼭대기에 두기 위한 방법이라고 말합니다. 드 발에 따르면, 과학자들은 이러한 현상의 가장 큰 장본인 중 하나로, 기술적인 언어를 사용하여 다른 동물들과 우리 사이의 거리를 벌립니다. 예를 들어, 침팬지의 '키스'를 '입 대 입 접촉'이라고 하고, 영장류 사이의 '친구'를 '선호하는 친밀한 파트너'라고 부르며, 까마귀와 침팬지가 도구를 만들 수 있다는 증거를 인간의 도구 제작과는 본질적으로 다르다고 해석합니다. 어떤 새들이 수천 개의 씨앗의 정확한 위치를 기억할 수 있는 것처럼 인간보다 인지적인 과제에서 우월한 모습을 보이면, 그것을 본능이라고 치부하고 지능이라고 인정하지 않습니다. 드 발은 이러한 언어의 교묘한 사용을 '언어적 거세(linguistic castration)'라고 부릅니다. 즉, 동물들을 무력하게 만들기 위해 우리가 사용하는 언어와 우리가 상위에 있기 위해 발명한 단어들이 그것입니다.

 

비유설명

 

인간과 다른 동물들 사이의 유사성을 축소하는 것은 마치 우리가 우리 집을 이웃의 집들보다 더 크고 멋지게 보이게 하기 위해 주변의 집들을 작고 평범하게 묘사하는 것과 같습니다.


과학자들이 기술적 언어를 사용하는 것은 의사가 간단한 병의 증상을 복잡한 의학 용어로 설명하는 것과 유사합니다.


침팬지의 '키스'를 '입 대 입 접촉'이라고 부르는 것은 어머니가 아이에게 하는 뽀뽀를 '얼굴 접촉'이라고 부르는 것과 같습니다.


영장류의 '친구'를 '선호하는 협력 파트너'라고 부르는 것은 우리가 친한 친구를 '자주 만나는 사람'이라고 부르는 것과 비슷합니다.


까마귀와 침팬지의 도구 사용을 인간의 도구 사용과 다르게 해석하는 것은 어린 아이가 장난감으로 무언가를 만들 때 이를 진짜 건축과 다르다고 여기는 것과 유사합니다.


특정 새 종의 인지 능력을 본능으로 치부하는 것은 마치 체스에서 컴퓨터에게 지면 이를 단순히 컴퓨터의 계산 능력 때문이라고 여기는 것과 같습니다.


'언어적 거세'라는 용어를 사용하는 것은 어린이의 말을 단순하고 어리석은 것으로 치부하여 그들의 의견을 무시하는 것과 비슷합니다.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nanum Gothic Font

 

 

 

+ Recent posts